Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Research Paper Example One of the spiders, which have recently become a primary concern of those living in Salt Lake City is the Hobo spider. The scientific classification for the Hobo spider is Tegenaria agrestis. It is in the family Aglenidae. It is not originally native to North America, but was brought over when Western Europeans began to colonize North America. The species was originally discovered in Europe by C.A. Walkenaer in 1802 and then was rediscovered in the United States in 1936 by Harriet Exline. The appearance of the Hobo Spider varies greatly, however there are a few core characteristics, which make it easier to identify. The abdomen has v-shaped patterns on its abdomen which aim down toward the head of the spider. They also have a light stripe, which runs down the middle of the sternum. Considering the size of typical spiders, the Hobo Spider is of a larger variation, usually ranging from twelve to eighteen millimeters in body length. Compared to other spiders, they have very poor eyesigh t and lack the normal climbing ability that many other spiders share. There are also sexual differences, which allow for further identification. The male Hobo Spider has two pedipalps in front of its two front legs, which is homologous to the male gentials in humans. The female Hobo Spiders have a much larger abdomen than the male Hobo Spider and lack the pedipalps (Ethan 4-12). ... After the new spiders hatch, they spend a majority of the first part of their life underground feeding and growing. After they have reached maturity, they begin searching for a mate. The females remain stationary and build their webs. The males come to the females. After mating, the males die first and then are followed by the females. The cycle then repeats itself over again. In the predator-prey relationship, the Hobo Spider does not fall at the top of the food chain. The Hobo Spider has three natural enemies that control the population: the preying mantis, wasps, and other spiders. Hobo Spiders especially have the disadvantage compared to other types of spiders. The first is that they lack the climbing ability and ability to escape from other spiders’ webs, which leaves them extremely vulnerable. The Hobo Spider tends to feed on smaller insects that it can catch, due to the type of web that it spins. It is known as a funnel web spinner. They are typically long in shape and have an empty hole in the middle in which the spider sits waiting for prey. Compared to other types of webs, they are not as thick (Vest). The venom of the Hobo Spider is potent. One important fact regarding bites made by the Hobo Spider is that those made in defense typically do not carry venom, compared to if it was the result of the spider hunting. This is because venom requires energy for the spider to make, so the spider tries to conserve this. The severity of the bite is often dependent on where the bite is located and how old the spider is. Another sexual difference between these spiders is that the male’s venom is more potent than that of the female. The venom is similar to the brown recluse in that it is a necrotic

Discrimination Of Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Discrimination Of Women - Essay Example As we all know, global society is divided across many epidemiological variables and out of all these variables â€Å"gender† is the most primary one; as gender and equality have been the subject of many heated debates over the years. There are certain lines that are drawn according to one’s sex and these restrictions are particularly imposed upon women. Women all over the world; be it a developed or a developing country, all women endure the problems of harassment, discrimination and ill-treatment. Discrimination of women surfaces in the society in many forms; however, in the workplace, such occurrences are more ostensible and occur in the form of unequal pay, lower workforce participation, and a major disparity in the access that is given to all the male and female employees in the workforce. The problem has been a scourge and as mentioned earlier, it exists in the facet of the society. There has been numerous where women were subjected to intense discrimination; in many circumstances were looked down upon and deemed inferior to men. The bigotry involved in the view of women is a multifaceted phenomenon and its existence gave birth to the concept of â€Å"feminism† that subsequently led to the birth Women Empowerment movements. Its dynamics and prevalence in the society will be discussed in greater details as the substance of the prose progresses. Sex discrimination is a phenomenon that has been around for ages, as it is stated earlier; women were often deemed as the weaker sex and men were at the forefront all activities. This is also largely due to the fact that since women have ability t procreate, they were required to restrict themselves to domestic chores. This led to widespread domestication of women and they had a very restricted role in the society. This was fundamentally because of the physiological differences between men and women, but there were plenty other factors that contributed to the disparity that will be discussed in greater detail in the following parts. In the past, women were treated as â€Å"articles of trade† and were used to settle disputes between two tribes. There was widespread objectification of women, men viewed them only objects of pleasure and they did not have any real position in the society. Indian societal dynamics epitomizes this aspect of the subject and is perfect to further elab orate and compare the role of women in ancient and contemporary society. In India, female infanticide and sex-selective abortions are highly prevalent. (Weisner, 2001, p. 108) Incidents of female infanticide and feticide are particularly common in the rural India, where people are vastly hardwired to their religious and cultural values that are often considered to be quite misogynistic in their teachings. In India, the birth of a female child is considered a bad omen; an aspect that is similar to the Chinese society as well. However, in case f Indian societies there is an economic reason as well due to the widespread trend of dowries and the high costs that are associated with it have often led to disparity between males and females. Sex selective abortions were so prevalent in the early 70’

Economic Overview Of The Maldives Economics Essay

Economic Overview Of The Maldives Economics Essay There are many factors in the macro analysis environment that will effect the decision of the managers of any organization. The macro change includes such as tax change, new laws, trade barriers, demographic changes and government policy changes. To identify and analyze distinguish between these factors executives be able to categorize the factors that impact such as: Political factors- which refer to government policy such as degree of intervention in the economy and what goods and service does a government wants to provide. Economic factors- which includes interest rates, taxation changes economic growth, inflation and exchange rate. Economic change can have major impact to the country. For example: A strong currency may make importing goods more difficult as it may raise the price in terms of foreign currency Inflation may incite higher wage demands from employees and raise cost Social factors- change in social trends can impact on the demand for a firms products and ease of use and motivation of individuals to work. Technological factors- new technologies create new products and new process. Example: when organization advances in technological, the staffs skills and knowledge have to improve quality and guide to innovation. These developments can benefit government as well as the organization. Environmental factors- include the weather and climate change. Change in temperatures can impact on many industries including tourism, fishing and import and export of goods to and from country. Legal factors- these are related to the legal environment in which organization function. Introduction of new system and procedures such as staff development policy that affect organization action and change will have some costs to the government and the organization. This chapter is based on government economic policies, fiscal policy and moreover it talks about the Maldives Customs Service (MCS) role and relation to government policies and mission, goals and objectives of the MCS and the SWOT analysis of the organization. Furthermore this chapter mentions the key issues which related to the policy implementation. Government economic policies The Maldives has exclusive economic rights over some 859,000 km ² of surrounding the islands, which contains vast fishery resources. The islands are an attractive tourist destination due to their sandy white beaches and clear lagoons. Land mass is limited to 300 km ² and dispersed over an 850 km ² North-South fairly narrow stretch. This peculiarity of land mass and its distribution is a server constraint to the development of local markets, increasing transport costs with implication for the competitiveness of the economy. Direct Foreign Investment The government has adopted a reasonable foreign climate the result, the result has been not enough in the sense of that most foreign direct investment (FDI) is tied to the tourism sector. In regard of this only very little FDI is seen in other sectors. For example the domestic market opportunities, given the restrictions of a population of 300,000 approximately. Therefore FDI has been drive in the direction of sectors reaching international market. Tourism is one of the best examples in the country. The investment establishment consent to free currency exchange rate and repatriation of profits and capital assets. The financial sector 30% profit tax is collected and there is no corporate tax. At present the government there is improper practice of integration of investment promotion and regulation as both roles are hand over to the Foreign Investment Services Bureau (FISB) of the Ministry of Economic and Development and Trade (MEDT). Therefore the existing legal frame work of Direct Foreign Investment (DFI) is inadequate to provide self motivated investment environment to the investors. Other than tourism investments all other sectors all the responsibility takes FISB and tourism investments Ministry of Tourism and Culture (MTC). Hence it is vital to revise and modernize current DFI guide line policy to more conducive to large scale investment. The financial sector of Maldives is still in its immaturity. There are five international bank operators in the capital city Male but all this banks are branch offices of their parent organization and take on only financing of commerce. At the present time there is no investment bank in Maldives, but a private firm, the Maldives Finance Leasing Company (MFLC) that provides capital financing for only small and medium scale operators. At present the Bank of the Maldives has locate more than 12 branches in different islands in the country. Export promotion In the existing regime Maldivian exporters invite in accessing world markets comparative to competitors in other countries. The rules of origin governing preference, when defined as a value-added obligation for the most part difficult to satisfy country like Maldives facing extremely far above the ground priced imported inputs and with limited relative advantages on labour cost. As mainly Maldives depend on imports for consumption, the lack of import substituting industries and industrial capability for export outcomes in existing account deficit of the country. The deficit for 2008 made known at US$651.3 million and 2005 it was US$273.0 million, which means compare to deficit in 2005 it has increased 139 percent. The present account deficit averaged in the order of 40 percent of GDP between 2004 and 2008. In 2008 more than 98 percent of Maldives commodity export well thought-out of fish and its related products amounting US$125.9 million, when compare to 2005 it has increased 29 percent The total export of Maldives rise in 2008 by MRF 384 million to MRF 617 million a growth of 16.8% over the year 2007. The past years average growth rate is 18.8% and marine products are the main exports with 98 percent. On the other hand due to tsunami disaster there was a minor downturn in the exports in year 2005. But starting from in the year 2006 there is rise and fall trend until 2008, with an approximate of 16.8% increased. In the existing situation of Maldives it is vital to have regional integration initiatives that value to the country through the help of key issues that affect trade, including the cost of transport and customs clearance issues. Regional institutions provide a vital support in the development of a system of standardization in Maldives, with the cooperation along with official recognition bodies on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and agreement on the application of sanitary and phyto sanitary measures (SPS) agreement issues. Social protection At present Maldivian social protection is very much favoritism in the direction of government employees who constitute around a quarter of the working population of the country. The government has priorities to achieve universal primary education and develop a national health care system. The health expenditure has accounted for 10-12 percent of GDP over the last ten years. The government is aware of the social protection issues and is keen to develop an effective social protection system consistent with the level of income and implementation capacity. The government intention for restructuring civil service is not only to grow macroeconomic stability but also is vital to sustaining the countries impressive progress in human development. Poverty rates, as measured by the headcount ratio, have fallen steeply, from 40 percent in 1997 to 16 percent in 2005. To maintain this trend in poverty reduction, improvements in existing social protection programmes and development of new programmes will go together with the fiscal hardship measures Cultural heritage The Maldives is prosperous in heritage sites, although in the earlier period of few decades the significance of safeguard Maldivian cultural heritage has been completely understood by Maldivians. On the other hand research and documentation of Maldivian cultural heritage and history is still developing in the country. At present the country also lacks the legal framework to regulate problems coupled with heritage management in the country. The heritage Act is vital for a better protection of the Maldivian cultural heritage. A book providing a tentative list of heritage sites in the Maldives has been recently published. There is an ever-increasing propensity to promote heritage values surrounded by Maldivians as a value of a heritage site forms the central core of its management. Thinking globally, Maldives is gearing to step into the world heritage arena and almost immediately will have a tentative list submitted to the world heritage committee. Trade Facilitation In the Maldives today, there has been a change from the Profitable protection function of customs to an extended protection of community. That is, trade facilitation effects more than just customs facilitation; it includes all the contributing factors of the international supply chain. As a result, stakeholders usually comprise those government and business entities that are entailing in the administration or guide of international trade. In other words, in the style of early 20th centuries role of customs as the gatekeepers has now been becoming different by the new and more demanding role that is based on three decisive concepts: trade facilitation, border protection, and revenue collection. The MCS is keeping up a conscious of international issues and their ability of strong effects on the nation, and it must be well-informed about national constrain power of a law to trade and transport treating and conventions. In many ways, customs organizations are connected with their counterparts in other countries that they do with agencies in their own government. They often look to customs administrations internationally and in neighboring countries for assistance and for ideas on how to improve operations trade facilitation, border protection, and revenue collection. Revenue Collection The Maldives experience move backward and forward in economic activity that are wider than those of the region overall. When economic times are good, economy outperforms the average of the region and when economic times are bad, economy legs behind. Although countries revenue collection are not only the means of comparing economic activity, that provide snapshot of the health of economy in a particular atoll or island. Generally stronger economies with greater economic activity produce increase in the rate of the growth of revenue collection at the country level. An examination of the subsequent time series of revenue change make known that, in terms of revenue collection of the country go one better than the region overall in times of economic growth and retained strength revenue collection of the country began to experience downturns between 2007 and 2009. Hence the government aims to reduce the reliance on import revenue as an income source for the government expenditure and in recent times projected to a great extent and large tax reform proposal. In this regard, in June 2009 government proposed modifications to the export-import law to eradicate import duties on food items and lower it for other commodities. This plan is an element of much wider amendments government resolve brings to the export-import law in the next two to three years. This proposal is part of a much wider amendments government will bring to the export-import law in the next two-three years, where government intends to bring down all applied rates to a level which have a positive impact on the economic development needs of the country and in accordance with international obligations including World Trade Organization (WTO). Border Protection Tariffs are the major instrument of border protection in the Maldives. With the exception of in the case of cigarette, on which has precise duty of MRF.0.30 per stick and all the other duties are ad valorem tariff levied on CIF (cost, insurance and freight) import value. In the current structure of applied ad valorem tariff have ten bands such as duty free, 5 percent, 10, 15, 20, 25, 35, 50, 100, and 200 percent. The three main staple foods such as flour, rice and sugar and all other imports intended for commercial re-export come in the country free of duty. Maldives has increased its maximum tariff on all goods (excluding alcohol and tobacco) from 112 to 142 percent. In 2006 this maximum tariff was applied to plastic packaging materials. The trade policy space, as measured by wedge between bound and applied tariffs has decreased slightly since 2000, now standing at a relatively low 16.8 percent, compared with 54.8 percent on average for its regional neighbors and 29.5 percent for lower-middle-income countries. Regarding the extent of its trade liberalization in services, the Maldives ranked 142nd out of 148 countries according to the GATS Commitment Index. The discussion on the upcoming direction of tariff restructuring is much in line with expected view. It simply call attention to the need for enlargement the internal tax base to diminish the government weighty dependence on border taxes which would facilitate further tariff reduction, without examining revenue effects of tariff reduction. Enlarging the internal tax base to diminish the governments weighty dependence on border taxes would, obviously facilitate further tariff reduction. Fiscal policy The Maldives has neither a corporate tax not either a broad based sales tax arrangement in the country. The bank profits are subject to profit tax of 25 percent. In the highest degree recent year largely tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 20.5 percent. Revenues are collected from customs duties. Conversely, the worsening fiscal signs are worrying as huge budgeted deficit stems not only from renovation, however more over from long standing structural issues such as growth of the civil service, large pay rises and subsidized social services. Therefore, if not the government attend to these subjects earlier than its debt get to unsustainable levels, far above the ground economic growth cannot be sustain. Broadening the tax base The government is planning to increase revenue by broadening the tax base. Government revenue is expected to increase 33 percent of GDP in 2010, 37 percent of GDP in 2011 and 36 percent of GDP in 2012. Currently the government revenue generation bases are mainly import duties, tourism tax, dividends from state-owned enterprise and resort lease rentals. The government has argument of implementation of the business profit tax and goods and service tax is look forward to bring in early 2011. The government expects to increase the revenue with reference to the impact of new taxes; it would be 15 percent of GDP. Rationalization of import duties In the Maldives government revenue connotations are a main alarm over and over again voiced as an argument further rationalized of import duties. It is argued that import duties are a vital source of government revenue and the speed with which customs duties are reduced needs to be resolved in harmony with the speed and effective of domestic tax reforms at thoroughly examined the condition of the revenue structure to compensate lost revenue. If not the look forward to economic gains from reform could well be erased by adverse budgetary arising from revenue shortfall. Over view of the Maldives Customs Service (MCS) The MCS plays vital role in protecting and enhancing Maldives economic prosperity, security and unique way of life. The border management has an effect on economic performance and the well-being of community and MCS is committed to ensuring that Maldives entry points actively supports government priorities. In order to achieve MCS vision of achieving excellence in contributing to the social and economic well-being of the nation by providing professional, quality assured customs service. MCS has to be ready for the future and to be able to respond quickly and effectively to unexpected situations and conditions, and have to ensure the effective ongoing stipulation of service. In order to support the social and economic well-being of Maldives, MCS continue to work in coordination with other agencies, and maintain relationship with customs administration, international organization and industry stake holder. It is important to continue deepen understanding of MCS partners priorities and to ensure that how MCS objectives and those of partners in the public and private sector can best aligned. Mission and Vision TO ENSURE that persons, goods and conveyances enter and exit the Republic of Maldives in accordance with national laws, and that such function is carried out while protecting the state revenue and the rights of the members of the society and in a manner that safeguards the integrity, esteem, dignity and honour of our Maldivian Nation. ACHIEVING EXCELLENCE in contributing to the social and economic well-being of the nation by providing professional, quality assured Customs service towards the protection of the society and revenue collection, through optimal Information Technology mobilization Goals and objectives To achieve the national goals MCS has to provide staff with relevant academic competency and skills training so as to create conducive work environment for generating inspiration and motivation amongst them; by inculcating and promoting required ethical standards in order for them to become professional Customs officers. To facilitate and provide trade-related customs services in a customer-friendly environment, in accordance with the laws and regulation of Maldives To protect State revenue through extensive participation in implementation of export/ import policies, strengthening customs control mechanism, and post clearance audit procedures. To be a world-class customs service that complies with all pertinent international conventions, articles thorough cooperation and coordination between Customs of other countries, customs- related international organizations and other international NGOs Objective Protect and collect revenue on dutiable goods. Detect and deter narcotics. Detect and deter smuggling of goods, pornography, and banned articles. Protect and facilitate legitimate trade and industry to uphold Republic of Maldives trading integrity. SWOT Analysis Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threat Maldives customs service (MCS) is longest serving organization in the Maldives. Therefore customs has good reputation of among all other organization and the customs has brought a valid changes Government gives full support to the MCS to maintain its service. Example if customs submit a project for increase revenue the government approves easily Provide professional training for the officers for their daily work environment which has huge advantages to perform best of their knowledge and experience Lack of Act the most weakness of the organization as there are many improvements which need to bring with the help of act Action and words are not align which causes a huge weakness of the organization as the supervisory level action which makes different ways in same situation MCS gets many opportunities from the government to improve trade facilitation and control illegal activities which enter the country MCS is the WCO member and many other international authorities such RILO and WTO and other countries provide international training and equipments Political Influences is one of the difficult things MSC faced today, as the political influence is taking part in some decision making and many political posts in top level Traders do not keep their business records, so it hides the way for their negotiations, transactions and other records that need for their business background Key issues related policy implementation Corruption and low integrity Corrupted environment Unethical behaviour Revenue leakage Compliance not measure Ineffective decentralization Decentralized areas staff not empowered Partially decentralized without uniformity Lack of border control Incompetent staffs and stakeholders Policies for rotation Competency level of staffs Lack of technical skills Poor communication with the stake holders Absence of Carrier path No succession plan Human resource plan De-motivation Knowledgeable staff turnover Performance appraisal not based on objectives Inappropriate recruitment and selection Chapter summery The Maldives still face a range of development limitations distinctive to small island nation. These take in a small export market, narrow resource base, and shortage of skilled work force, difficult transportation, high unit cost of social, health and economic infrastructure condition and high propensity to external and natural disasters. To enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the revenue collection and trade facilitation it is vital to implement modern techniques to minimize the illegal offences which are carried out through in the Customs control area and prevent the importation and exportation of restricted and prohibited goods and conveyances into and from the country, while providing an excellent service. In addition there are special require developing the quality of the limited human resources. It is apparent that legislation, systems and procedures need to be enforced and implemented by experienced, professional and dedicated people. The commitment, loyalty and integrity of staff are particularly important to an organization in tackling challenges, making changes and introducing reforms. Human resources require to be developed on a continuous and long-term basis with an analysis to promoting and enhancing staffs qualification, professional ability, management techniques, morale and integrity. In this respect, well planned programmes with an eye on the future for staff training, career development and integrity promotion are essential to the well being of any administration and to serve and protect countries economy

Abolishing the Death Penalty in Louisiana :: essays research papers

Capital Punishment Capital punishment should be abolished in Louisiana in order to optimize rehabilitation methods and increase spending in more important areas of the state budget. One alternative to the death penalty is rehabilitation. Prisons in Louisiana should not be viewed solely as confinement for inmates, but as a last resort for those looking to make serious life changes, even if they are condemned to life in prison. Since prisons are rapidly reaching maximum capacity, the government should really be looking to reform its current statutes to provide a rehabilitation center for criminals and provide a safer environment for all involved in the prison system. Prisons that have implemented rehabilitation programs such as The Second Chance Program have documented a 10% decrease in criminal recidivism. In turn, fewer prisoners are coming through the judicial system. Prisoners that desire to once again become contributing members of society should be urged to do so, and should be given the necessary materials in order to achieve this. Rehabilitation can also include things like job training and education. Statistics show that well educated criminals are less likely to relapse into a life of crime and are more likely to continue using their learned skills, even if they have been granted life without parole. Although some claim that â€Å"getting rid† of Louisiana’s worst criminals gives the public peace of mind, this peace of mind comes at a tremendous cost. The extra money spent on the death penalty could be spent on other means of achieving justice and making the community safer: compensation for victims, better lighting in crime areas, more police on the streets, even longer periods of incarceration for certain offenders, or projects to reduce unemployment. Quite a few jurisdictions with the death penalty have recently had to cut back on other vital services. In some states, people are being released from prison early as a cost saving measure. Other states are closing libraries and government funded offices. A second reason why the costs of the death penalty are so central is that they play a key role in how the death penalty is implemented. Supporters and opponents of the death penalty agree that the capital punishment system should not take unnecessary risks with inn ocent lives and should be applied with a strict fairness. As with many things, the death penalty really isn’t a bargain. There is no abstract dollar figure for the cost of the death penalty and it depends on the quality of the system one demands.

Diminishing Punjabi

Punjabi (Gurmukhi: à ¨ ªÃ  © °Ã  ¨Å"à ¨ ¾Ã  ¨ ¬Ã  ©â‚¬; Devanagari: à ¤ ªÃ  ¤â€šÃ  ¤Å"à ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ¬Ã  ¥â‚¬; Shahmukhi: : Ù ¾Ã™â€ Ã˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¨Ã›Å') Is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by 130 million native speakers worldwide, making it the 10th most widely spoken language in the world. It is the native language of the Punjabi people who inhabit the historical Punjab region of Pakistan and India. Punjabi emerged as an independent language in the 12th century.Punjabi emerged as an independent language in the 12th century. The Sikh religion originated in the 15th century in the Punjab region and Punjabi is the predominant language spoken by Sikhs. Guru Nanak himself composed Punjabi verse incorporating vocabulary from Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic and other Indic languages as characteristic of the Gurbani tradition. In India, Punjabi is one of the 22 scheduled language of India. It is the first official language of the Indian State of Punjab.In Pakistan, Punjabi has not been granted official status at the national level though it is the most spoken language and is the provincial language of Punjab, Pakistan, the second largest and the most populous province of Pakistan. Punjabi is becoming more acceptable among Punjabis in modern media and communications. Punjabi has always been an integral part of Indian Bollywood cinema. In recent years a trend of Bollywood songs written totally in Punjabi can be observed. Punjabi pop and folk songs are very popular both in India and Pakistan at the national level.A number of television dramas based on Punjabi characters are telecast by different channels. Punjabi cinema in India has also seen a revival and more and more Punjabi movies are being produced. Punjabi music is very popular today throughout the world. Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, where it is the second-most-commonly use d language and Canada, where it is the fourth-most-spoken language.There were 76 million Punjabi speakers in Pakistan in 2008, 33 million in India in 2011, 1.3 million in the UK in 2000, 368,000 in Canada in 2006, and smaller numbers in other countries. But now-a-days the trends have changed in India. Western Languages are proving very influential. People try to learn different languages like Spanish, German, French and to prove themselves superior they speak English in gatherings. Even Sikh families have stopped speaking Punjabi because their children learn Hindi and English in their schools and they are not taught Punjabi. Parents when asked that why don’t you speak Punjabi, they have a very simple excuse â€Å" School mein toh hindi sikhate hain bacho ko†¦.punjabi kaha aati hain inhe.†Parents do not take initiative of teaching their child themselves rather put blames on schooling system. Even in Gurdwara’s we find Sikh people talking to each other in Hin di. Whereas this is not the scenario in any other country or even any other States of India. When we go to South of India people speak their native language to everyone they meet. There hardly anyone knows Hindi. In Foreign Countries like France, Spain people speak French and Spanish respectively . They even do not speak English amongst themselves.And this is the only reason why people of different culture and language try and learn their language. Punjabi was very widely spoken in older days when people knew the value of Punjabi Boli. But now number of Punjabi speakers have reduced. If this remains the scenario the time is not far away when Punjabi will be one of the extinct language in the next 15-20 yrs. It should be the responsibility of parents and grandparents to teach children their Mother Tongue and they should not rely only on school and tutions. This will bring children close to their culture and will save Punjabi from becoming extinct.

Science Assignment

To investigate whether the ripening of bananas will speed up when placed with already ripe bananas in a brown paper bag. Hypothesis: The brown paper bag and already ripe bananas will ripen the unripe banana quicker. Investigation Design: The control of the experiment will be a pair of two unripe bananas which will not have any interference with their natural ripening process until the end of the experiment. The independent variable will be the presence of ripe bananas in one scenario, as well as a brown paper bag in the second scenario. The dependent variable will be the ripening of the banana.Everything else, the room temperature, type of banana, etc, will remain common to ensure the experiment is valid and reliable. To increase reliability, the experiment should be repeated. Method: 1 . Collect six unripe bananas, four ripe bananas and a brown paper bag 2. Set one pair of unripe bananas on a bench/table 3. Set down a pair of unripe bananas as well as a pair of ripe bananas, alongsi de the first pair, making sure they are at least 1 Com away from the first pair 4. Set down the remaining four bananas (two ripe, two unripe) another Com away from the previous bunch; place these in a brown paper bag. 5.Take photos of each of your three bunches, separately 6. Record your observations in a table 7. Wait a day before repeating step 5 and 6. 8. Repeat step 7 until all bananas are ripe. Risk Assessment: Be careful where you Step, there may be bananas on the floor, or other obstacles. Be careful with the paper bag, this is to avoid paper cuts. The main component of the experiment is edible; keep family members and other observers away! Results: Daly – Friday 14th June Bananas were purchased and the experiment was set up. The ripe bananas came from the same hand, as did the unripe ones. The experiment will be conducted indoors.Day 2 – Saturday 15th June The unripe bananas in all three bunches have shown a slight change in color, they are becoming more yellow . The lone pair of unripe bananas are very slightly behind the other 2 bunches. Day 3 – Sunday 1 6th June Both bunches of bananas that weren't in the brown paper bag showed that they did ripen. The bunch of bananas in the brown paper bag did show a slight, but certain, difference to the others, they are ripening quicker. Day 4 – Monday 17th June The difference between the bunch in the brown bag and the other 2 bunches is starting to become more noticeable, although this is only by close analysis. Front, they are still all fairly alike. Day 5- Tuesday 1 8th June The brown bag bananas have shown a massive difference in their ends, not so much their middle parts. The others are ripening too, but not at the same rate. Day 6 – Wednesday 19th June The lone bananas are ripening naturally and are now a satisfying yellow. The mix of ripe and unripe bananas is very slightly more yellow than the first bunch. The bunch from inside the bag is ripe too, with the already ripe bananas beginning to rot. Day 7 – Thursday 20th June Within the week, the plain bananas have ripened quite well to produce a well pipe and ready to eat fruit.The next set of bananas is just as ripe; with the originally ripe bananas starting to rot (this may be simply due to natures course). The bunch from the bag are definitely more yellow, with the originally ripe bananas getting quite a few brown marks to show the beginning of them rotting. Day of Observation Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Bunch 1 (2 unripe bananas) Green (no change) Green slight yellow tinge Green -> yellow tinge Green -> almost completely yellow Green yellow except for each end Green yellow Green -> completely yellow Bunch 2 (2 unripe and 2 ripe bananas)Green and yellow (no change) -Green -s slightest tinge -Yellow haven't changed -Green -> yellow tinge -Green -> almost completely yellow -Yellow are becoming a darker shade of yellow -Green yellow except for each end -Yellow are slowly browning -Green -> yellow -Green completely yellow -Yellow are beginning to show brown dots Bunch 3 (2 unripe and 2 ripe bananas in a brown paper bag) -Green slight yellow tinge -Green almost completely yellow -Yellow are not beginning to brown -Green yellow except for tiny part on each end -Yellow are browning -Green yellow -Yellow are beginning to rot -Green completely bright yellow Yellow are now major brown and rotten Research and Analysis: RESEARCH When bananas are harvested they are placed in a ‘ripening room' to replicate the climate conditions of heat and humidity. These conditions are constant, much like those of my experiment. Due to the set temperature of these rooms, the bananas start to respire. The ethylene given off by bananas, as well as other fruits, helps to kick start the ripening process. This is somewhat like my experiment in the sense that the brown paper bag was holding the ethylene in. This ethylene may have also effected the second bunch, although to as much be cause they did not have a bag to confine the ethylene in. The natural ethylene of bananas is the same as the ethylene artificially produced in these ‘ripening rooms.To delay ripening may remove ethylene gas, which cannot be completely done as they do contain ethylene. Placing a banana alone may help support the delay of ripening it; this is much like bunch 1 in my experiment. Even though it was indoors, the varying temperature made the ripening process differ to that of a temperature controlled room. Although this may replicate bananas ripening in a natural way to an extent. ANALYSIS Strengths: The experiment contained a control which helped with comparisons. All the controlled variables were kept the same. The 3 bunches allowed more conclusions to be made about the effects of not only a brown paper bag, but also the presence of other bananas.The photos were taken at the same time of day, to increase reliability of results. Weaknesses: Naturally, bananas ripen under sunlight, which we did not carry out. Only color, not taste, was assessed as an indicator of ripeness. The bananas may not have been sufficiently spaced to properly isolate them from each others' paving off of ethylene gas. Comments: The already ripe bananas showed a more noticeable change, which was not expected. The bananas ripened quicker than expected, which made the experiment have a shorter duration time. The difference between the three different bunches was not as significant as I expected. Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis, and the research also backs up this.

work or hell essays

work or hell essays 37,000 transnational or multinational corporations with their 200,000 subsidiaries control 75 percent of all world trade in commodities, manufactured goods, and services. These corporations, such as Nike, Reebok, and Levis, are cheating other small countries that manufacture their products. Michael Jordan alone makes more money from Nike annually than all of the Nike factory workers in Malaysia combined. An individual works 10-hour shifts, six days a week to earn a monthly wage less than the cost of a pair of Nike shoes. Their monthly wages will be around $30.00 to $40.00. Lured by cheap and abundant labor, investment capital has poured in more than 18 billion dollars in the last three years from these third world countries. Large corporations prefer not to do their own manufacturing. They put the hard work to third world countries, which will do anything for money. Not only are multinational corporations causing problems for third world countries, problems with farming are occurring in the United States. Family farms are being sold down to agribusiness and factory style farming. According to the U.S. department of Agriculture almost 90% of the total income of rancher or family style farms now come from the outside. They have to get outside jobs to even survive. Child labor in farming is another issue. Human Rights Watch stated that child farm workers in the U.S. work 12 to 14 hour days, often suffering pesticide poisoning, heat-related illness, machine and knife related injuries and life long disabilities. Many of them are forced to work without access to toilet or hand washing facilities or adequate drinking water. The majority of these workers are Latino, so there is a racial issue brought to hand. Farm work is considered the most dangerous work open to children in the United States. Human Rights Watch estimated that there are at least on e million child labor violations in the U.S. each year. These children are working t ...

Princess Catherine Ann Buan Gaviola Essays - Free Essays

Princess Catherine Ann Buan Gaviola Essays - Free Essays Princess Catherine Ann Buan Gaviola MAED- Social Studies Regional Differences There are some 120 to 175 languages and dialects in the Philippines , depending on the method of classification. Four others are no longer spoken . Almost all are Malayo-Polynesian languages , whereas one, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano" \o "Chavacano" Chavacano , is a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_language" \o "Creole language" creole derived from a Romance language . Two are official (English and Filipino), while (as of 2017) nineteen are official auxiliary languages .Including second-language speakers, there are more speakers of Filipino than English in the Philippines. The HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komisyon_sa_Wikang_Filipino" \o "Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino" Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino enumerated 135 Philippine languages present in the country through its Atlas Filipinas map published in 2014. The indigenous scripts of the Philippines (such as the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" \o "Kulitan alphabet" Kulitan , HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagbanwa_alphabet" \o "Tagbanwa alphabet" Tagbanwa and others) are used very little; instead, Filipino languages are today written in the Latin script because of the Spanish and American colonial experience. HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" \o "Baybayin" Baybayin however, one of the most well-known of the indigenous Filipino scripts, is used by the government in some applications such as on the Philippine Banknotes , where the word "Pilipino" is inscribed using the writing system. As well, the Arabic script is used in Muslim areas in some areas in southern Philippines. According to some ethnic and regional studies journalism of the Philippines by Lee S. Dutton : "Language and dialect affiliations are most important aspects of the Philippine there are some special importance of Cebuano, Ilokano , Tagalog and Hilganyon . It is also noted that the Geographic and linguistic diversity of the Philippines is paralled by the diversity of its ethnic and cultural group. Thus resulting to extreme regionalism by the Filipinos. The study conducted by Ronald E. Dolan titled: " Philippine: A country Study" he stated that the Philippine national identity emerged as a blendof diverse and linguistic groups when lowland Christians, called indios by the Spaniards, began referring to themselves as "Filipinos", excluding Muslims, upland triabal groups, and ethnic Chinese who had not been assimilated by intermarriage who did not fit to the category. It was also noted that a societal cleavage among groups in revolting against Spanish rule and later fighting the United States . The troops of the Indigenous people became increasingly conscious of a national unity transcending local and regional identities. A public school system brought at least elementary-level education to all but the most remote barrios and sittios ( small cluster of homes) during the 20 th century also served to dilute religious, ethnic and linguistic or regional differences as did improvements in transportation and communication systems and the spread of English as the lingua franca. Regional Differences do play a major role in shaping a nation for the language is a soul of a country but due to the fast changing times regional differences are more an expression of time lags and bound to diminish on the long run and we do see the gradual decline of it because the improved in transportation and mass media.

Requisitos para Dreamers para sacar permiso para viajar

Requisitos para Dreamers para sacar permiso para viajar Los Dreamers, es decir, los muchachos indocumentados que llegaron a Estados Unidos siendo nià ±os, y que tienen DACA aprobado podà ­an  obtener un permiso para viajar fuera de los Estados Unidos y regresar si cumplà ­an una serie de requisitos.   Todo ha cambiado con las declaraciones del fiscal general Jeff Sessions con fecha del 5 de septiembre de 2017. Por otro lado, la orden judicial del juez William Alsup que reinstaura parcialmente DACA con fecha de 9 de enero de 2018, no protege a los jà ³venes que salen de Estados Unidos y posteriormente desean regresar. Por lo tanto en este aspecto en concreto no se modifica lo decido por gobierno en Septiembre de 2017. Asà ­, en primer lugar si un Dreamer habà ­a solicitado un permiso para viajar mediante el formulario I-131 y la solicitud tiene fecha de aprobacià ³n del 5 de septiembre o anterior, podà ­a viajar y en principio no deberà ­a haber problema. Sin embargo, como es un asunto delicado con consecuencias posibles muy graves, es una buena idea asesorarse con una organizacià ³n de apoyo a Dreamers o con un abogado y, en caso de duda, no viajar. Incluso se recomienda hablar con un abogado que està © presente en el aeropuerto el dà ­a del regreso, por si hubiera algà ºn problema. En segundo lugar si no ha pedido el permiso para viajar, no hacerlo despuà ©s de esa fecha, ya que no ser tramitado. En tercer lugar si se pidià ³ el permiso para viajar antes de esa fecha y se est pendiente de una respuesta hay que saber que el USCIS no aprobar el permiso, pero regresar el dinero pagado en concepto de cuota. Demanda de los estados en contra de decisià ³n de Trump de finalizar DACA 15  estados y el Distrito de Columbia   han sumado sus esfuerzos para presentar una demanda en contra del gobierno federal por la decisià ³n de Trump de finalizar el programa DACA. La demanda, que ha sido presentada en el Distrito Este del estado de Nueva York, est liderada por el fiscal general de ese estado y la de Massachusetts. Adems, se han unido los de Carolina del Norte, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Nuevo Mà ©xico, Oregà ³n, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, Washington y el Distrito de Columbia. Los estados argumentan que la decisià ³n de Trump de finalizar DACA viola en dos ocasiones la Ley de Procedimiento Administrativo. Adems, violarà ­a la proteccià ³n otorgadas por la Constitucià ³n al  debido proceso. Finalmente, tambià ©n serà ­a contraria a la Constitucià ³n porque violarà ­a el derecho a la igualdad ante la ley. En este punto se argumenta que la decisià ³n de Trump tiene por objeto perjudicar a un grupo de personas por razones de su origen, ya que cuatro de cada cinco muchachos beneficiados por DACA son mexicanos o centroamericanos. Se espera ahora una batalla legal. Todo lo que sigue a continuacià ³n ya tiene solo un valor histà ³rico porque como se ha explicado, ya no se puede aplicar. La Accià ³n Diferida (DACA) como requisito  esencial para el permiso de viajar Los Dreamers  sà ³lo pueden solicitar el permiso para viajar si tienen ya en mano aprobada la Accià ³n Diferida, que se conoce en inglà ©s por las siglas de DACA. DACA es una medida adoptada por el Presidente Barack Obama el 15 de junio de 2012 que permite a los Dreamers que cumplen con ciertos requisitos de edad, residencia, estudios e historial aplicar por una semi- legalizacià ³n. En la prctica supone que el Dreamer al que se le concede la Accià ³n Diferida no puede ser deportado. Adems, pueden obtener una licencia de manejar sin restricciones, un Nà ºmero del Seguro Social, abrir una cuenta de banco y, en determinados casos, aplicar por un permiso de trabajo. Una vez que tienen DACA aprobado pueden solicitar,  previo pago de un arancel,  un permiso para viajar fuera de los Estados Unidos, que se conoce por su nombre en inglà ©s de  advance parole. Nunca pedir el permiso para viajar sin tener DACA aprobado ni tampoco si se est pendiente de su renovacià ³n. Quà © es este advance parole y quà © requisitos  aplican para los Dreamers El advance parole un permiso para  viajar fuera de Estados Unidos y, lo ms importante, regresar. Es una autorizacià ³n que tambià ©n aplica a otro tipo de migrantes, pero a cada categorà ­a les aplica distintos requisitos. No confundirse en este punto al llenar la peticià ³n. Se solicita rellenando el formulario I-131, que se conoce en inglà ©s por el nombre de Application for Travel Document.   Para los   Dreamers es necesario que el permiso para viajar se pida para un viaje en concreto. Excepto si se sabe con antelacià ³n que se necesita realizar varios viajes, por ejemplo, a varios seminarios. En este caso y si se sabe la fecha de cada uno, solicitar todos esos viajes en la misma aplicacià ³n al llenar el formulario I-131, explicando las razones de cada uno de esos viajes. Adems  no se puede viajar por cualquier razà ³n,  sino por una que encaje en alguna de las siguientes: Por cuestià ³n humanitaria, por ejemplo, para visitar a un familiar cercano enfermo.Razones educativas, como un semestre en el exteriorPor trabajo, como visitar clientes, un congreso, un seminario, etc. Es decir, no se puede viajar por vacaciones. Cuando se aplica enviar, adems del pago, la documentacià ³n que se pide. Tener en cuenta que si DACA fue aprobado por el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS) se necesita adjuntar una copia del documento que se conoce como I-797 Notice of Action, que es la carta en la que se notifica la aprobacià ³n de la Accià ³n Diferida. Por el contrario  si fue ICE quien concedià ³ la accià ³n diferida, se tiene que enviar la notificacià ³n de esta agencia en la que asà ­ consta. Documentos para el viaje de salida desde  Estados Unidos Hay dos posibles situaciones: Si un Dreamer viaja a su propio paà ­s, necesita el pasaporte de su paà ­s que debe ser vlido por al menos otros seis meses. Adems, necesita llevar el permiso de viaje aprobado.Por el contrario, si viaja a un tercer paà ­s, deber adems asegurarse de si necesita solicitar visa antes de viajar a ese paà ­s. Por ejemplo, para viajar a paà ­ses como Italia, Espaà ±a, Francia o Alemania, los cubanos y bolivianos necesitan visa Schengen. Si se viaja a Mà ©xico, un destino muy comà ºn desde los Estados Unidos, un buen nà ºmero de paà ­ses necesitan la visa, como por ejemplo Repà ºblica Dominicana, Guatemala, El Salvador o Cuba. Consultar siempre antes de viajar con la pgina web de la embajada del paà ­s que se desea visitar. Por supuesto no se necesita un permiso de viaje advance parole para dentro de los Estados Unidos, incluidos los estados de Hawaii y Alaska y el avià ³n. Y tambià ©n se puede ir sin problemas a los miembros de la Commonwealth de los Estados Unidos, como Puerto Rico, Guam, Samoa o Islas Và ­rgenes Americanas. Cà ³mo es el regreso a Estados Unidos para Dreamers con permiso para viajar Se puede ingresar por avià ³n, barco o por una frontera terrestre. Hay que esperar un control migratorio por parte de un agente de la CBP y otro aduanero, que pueden ser muy rpidos. Estos son los documentos necesarios: Pasaporte sin expirar con una validez mà ­nima de seis mesesEl premiso de viaje aprobado Adems  se recomienda llevar: Permiso de trabajo, si se tieneLicencia de manejar, si se tieneCopia del documento en el que USCIS aprobà ³ la peticià ³n de DACATodos los documentos que sirvan para probar la razà ³n del viaje al extranjero (invitacià ³n a Congresos, documentos mà ©dicos de situacià ³n de un familiar muy cercano, transcripciones de estudios, etc). Y por supuesto no est dems tener siempre a mano el telà ©fono de un abogado migratorio de confianza. Adems, por precaucià ³n dejar siempre una copia en casa en los Estados Unidos de todos esos documentos. En caso de robo, extravà ­o o problemas migratorios siempre est bien tener una copia donde aparecen datos como los nà ºmeros que lo identifican, fechas de aprobacià ³n, expiracià ³n, etc. El oficial migratorio har como mà ­nimo una pregunta. Cabe esperar que se refiera a la razà ³n del viaje, tiempo que se permanecià ³ fuera de los Estados Unidos, quà © se hace aquà ­, etc. Este es un listado de preguntas comunes a cualquier persona que llega  a un control migratorio  de los Estados Unidos.   Despuà ©s se pasar por un control aduanero. Quà © hay que tener en cuenta para no tener problemas con  permiso para viajar Estos son los consejos que se deben seguir: 1. Absolutamente sà ³lo permanecer fuera de los Estados Unidos dentro de las fechas aprobadas en el permiso para viajar. Por ejemplo, si se viaja a un congreso que finaliza un dà ­a en concreto, solicitar un par de dà ­as ms para el caso sorpresas de à ºltima hora que impidan viajar. Asà ­ siempre se tendrà ­an unos dà ­as de margen para bregar con imprevistos. 2. Planificar con tiempo. Chequear cundo expira el DACA que se tiene actualmente, ya que no se puede pedir un permiso de viajar si DACA est pendiente de ser renovado. Pedir el permiso para viajar al menos 90 dà ­as antes del viaje. 3. Si se llega por mar o aire, el oficial migratorio siempre estampar el pasaporte, quedando asà ­ constancia de la fecha de regreso a los Estados Unidos y, por lo tanto, de que se cumplià ³ con las fechas aprobadas en el permiso de viaje. En el caso de llegar por una frontera terrestre, es muy importante asegurarse de que tambià ©n sellan el pasaporte. Si no lo hacen, solicitar que asà ­ se realice. Asà ­ se evitan potenciales problemas en el futuro. 4. No viajar fuera de los Estados Unidos jams sin este permiso, ya que se dar por terminado DACA y pueden impedir el regreso. Pero,  ¿es conveniente viajar fuera de Estados Unidos? Hay bastante unanimidad entre los abogados y expertos en este tema para opinar que los Dreamers que han acumulado ms de 180 dà ­as (seis meses) de presencia ilegal en Estados Unidos sà ³lo deberà ­an aplicar tras consultar con un experto y entender quà © puede ir mal. La razà ³n es que puede suceder que aunque el advance parole les sea concedido puede que cuando intentan regresar a Estados Unidos y lleguen al control de inmigracià ³n se encuentren con la realidad de que se les aplica la norma conocida como castigo de los tres y diez aà ±os. Y todos los dà ­as se ven casos en las aduanas en los que inmigrantes con un advance parole en la mano se encuentran con la desagradable sorpresa de que no se les permite entrar a Estados Unidos, alterndose asà ­ de un modo significativo sus vidas. Quà © se recomienda hacer en estos casos En primer lugar resaltar que hay otros casos en los que estar sin estatus no equivale necesariamente a acumular dà ­a de presencia ilegal. Por ejemplo, la acumulacià ³n de dà ­as calificados como presencia ilegal no ocurre cuando el inmigrante es menor de edad. Pero una vez que se han cumplido los 18 aà ±os de edad, sà ­ que se acumula el tiempo. En estos casos es muy recomendable contactar con un abogado bueno experto en inmigracià ³n, y, a poder ser, en el tema de la accià ³n diferida. Y en una cita analizar con detenimiento cules son los riesgos, quà © puede pasar y las circunstancias del caso de cada uno. Y desde luego siempre asesorarse con un abogado en casos experiencias de arrestos, deportaciones previas, posibilidad de tener una orden de deportacià ³n pendiente o estar en el medio de un proceso de este tipo. Informacià ³n de interà ©s para Dreamers que desean viajar a otro paà ­s La US-Mexico Foundation est convocando anualmente programas, como Dreamers without Borders, para viajar a Mà ©xico a mexicanos con DACA que nunca han estado en su paà ­s desde que ingresaron a los Estados Unidos siendo nià ±os.   Finalmente  los interesados en las experiencias de otros Dreamers con advance parole, se puede consultar la pgina de Facebook Traveling Abroad with DACA. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

You are the sole judge of a new literary competition in which you must Essay

You are the sole judge of a new literary competition in which you must choose the best novel of the 20th Century. 1. Examine the critera to be applied in choosi - Essay Example The novel is something that often falls between the cracks of such taxonomy, however, since any given novel might embody one or any number of the above classifications of literature. As such, it becomes important to rely on a different, often personal, classification system and related critiquing methodology. Various prestigious literary awards are given to authors who meet the specific criteria of each organisation; for example, the Booker Prize is awarded for the work which is the â€Å"best work of fiction by a British or Commonwealth writer†, and the Nobel Prize for Literature is given to the author who has â€Å"produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction† (ibid., p.199). Often, the criterion for judging literature rests on the personal opinions of the original organizing committee, however once this has been established it is the role of recruited judges to stay with such ideals and work within the boundaries of the competit ion or publication. Danson Brown proposes that there are three terms which are of vast importance in any literature judgement: taste, aesthetic and canon (p.200). Taste, in modern society, is related directly to consumerism and to each individual choosing literature that suits his or her own idea of what a novel should be. The tastes of each reader and therefore each judge will vary from that of another and it is this simple principle that makes brass judgement of literary works so difficult. Aesthetic refers to (again in modern society, as the word has evolved since its inception into the English language) the role of philosophy in judging literature. This criterion would have a critic assume that each novel should have undertones that inspire deeper thought on the part of the readers and propose some otherwise hidden aspect of the world or of the human psyche. Canon refers to the ability of the literature

Business Plan Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Childhood and Depression Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Childhood and Depression - Research Paper Example Researchers propose that although major depression affects anywhere from three to five percent of children and adolescents, up to 15 percent of children and adolescents at any given time manifest at least some symptoms of depression (Bhatia and Bhatia 73). Despite the prevalence of depression in younger populations, there are a number of treatment avenues that parents and guardians can follow in order to alleviate an individual’s suffering in those areas of life most affected by depression. In order to prevent future generations from being severely and negative impacted by depression starting in the childhood or adolescent years, professionals and parents should be better educated to recognize the risk factors and the symptoms. Childhood depression, particularly in children younger than seven years, is particularly difficult because of children’s inability to give details about their internal mood states. However, symptoms like chronic irritableness, impaired attention, and poor concentration are common possible indicators of a depressed child. When diagnosing depression in children, doctors must rule out physical causes of such symptoms, such as chronic disease and vitamin deficiency. If the depression is the result of these physical causes, the depression is considered secondary to its medical prerequisite. Major depressive disorder is a primary diagnosis that relies on symptoms similar to those seen in adult depression. If the depression is not a major disorder, it could either be classified as adjustment disorder, which starts within three months of an identifiable stressor (such as the loss of a parent), or as dysthymic disorder, which is a milder form of depression characterized by irritable or depressed moods and must occur for no less than a year (Bhatia and Bhatia 75). The risk factors for depression are not equivalent to causes, since none of them alone leads directly and invariably to childhood depression. Some common risk factors for c hildhood and adolescent depression include psychosocial and biomedical factors; that is, nearly two thirds of children and adolescents who have major depressive disorder are comorbid with another severe or moderate mental disorder (Angold, Costello and Erkanli 76). That means that even if a child or adolescent has been diagnosed for one mental disorder, there should still be a concern that the patient has a related but separate mental disposition toward major or moderate depression. For physicians, they must be able to recognize and treat the associated physical sources of depression; the most common among them are dysthymic disorder, anxiety disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. For parents, they must be able to identify and seek treatment for their child’s symptoms as soon as they recognize them. In terms of treatments, medication is a common avenue for physicians to take in order to alleviate their patients’ suffering because of depression symptom s. Tricyclic anti-depressants are largely ineffective in children and adolescents according to meta-analyses and SSRIs likewise have underwhelming effects on reduction of symptoms in children (Bhatia and Bhatia 78). Concerns about effectiveness and safety keep some parents from putting their children on these medications (Merrell 209). Currently, only fluoxetine is approved by the FDA to treat childhood depression, so it is acceptable in cases of major depressive

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Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example The case of Levi Strauss shows that corporate social responsibility and ethics help the company to create positive social image and maintain moral and ethical environment which appeals to customers, porters and the society in general. Levi Strauss is a leading apparel manufacturer operating on the market since 1853. Levi Strauss establishes a strict code of ethics which is a statement of corporate values and priorities, system guide for employees and management team. A Code of Ethics is very important in manufacturing industry because it is closely connected with quality of goods, moral and honest decisions (Sajhau 2000). The code of ethics accepted by Levi Strauss consists of two main parts: the Business Partners Terms of Engagement determining relations with partners and potential subcontractors, and Country Assessment Guidelines stipulating the selection of supplier countries. Taking into account the main articles of the Code, it is possible to say that ethics becomes a crucial part guarding and controlling decision-making process in Levi Strauss (Sajhau 2000). This Code shows that ethical principles applied by the company are concerned with truth and justice and include aspects which society expects, e.g. soc ial responsibilities and corporate behavior. Following Frederick (2002) to deal with areas that may be considered technically legal but, in the eyes of American Management, improper or unethical, companies must develop and disseminate explicit policies that are rigidly and expeditiously enforced if broken. They fall into this category, as do areas such as proprietary information, product misrepresentation, disparagement, premature disclosures, acquiring or divulging confidential information, certain gifts and entertainment, and conflicts of interest. Levi Strauss pays a special attention to its public image and the company's reputation (Kolk & Tulder, 2001). Application of Ethical Theories Virtue Ethics According to McIntyre, virtue ethics is based on the idea that a business should follow human virtue principles to behave morally. The case of Levi Strauss shows that the comapny values are core beliefs about what is intrinsically desirable. They undelines the choices made in work decisions just as they underlie the choices made in one's private life. They give rise to ideals that are called ethics or morals. In simple terms it basically mandates employees to treat customers and partners as they themselves would like to be treated: tell the truth, treat others fairly, etc. "We will favor business partners who share our commitment to contribute to improving community conditions" (Levi Strauss & Co n.d.). Following Gillian, virtue ethics ensures stable position of business and its compliance with moral norms and principles. Ethical inquiry requires the decision maker to consider facts in light of important values. The conclusions reached are often stated as judgments, such as "he is a good person"; "bribery is wrong, even though it may be profitable"; "caring about others is the essence of virtue". Levi Strauss follows these guidelines and develop its code of ethics and partnership according to these simple rules and principles. Because many people perceive right and wrong from different angles, the objective of Levi Strauss in the area of ethical and moral standards is to establish what 'is right' (Zablow, 2006). Deontological

A Critical Aaccount of a Philosopher's Educational Idea (John Dewey) Term Paper

A Critical Aaccount of a Philosopher's Educational Idea (John Dewey) And Their Usefulness to And Implications for the Bahamas - Term Paper Example This essay stresses that the contributions of John Dewey to the present education will always be felt. To him, education is as important to social life as reproduction and nutrition are important to physiological life. He viewed education as a necessity in life where a child is born knowing nothing only that it is born in a social group. According to John Dewey, all communication is educative and any individual who actively participates in communication learns something. For a society to continue existing, a teaching and learning process must be existing. An individual learns the way to respond to an event through participation in communication that involves common understanding. It has also been found earlier that living together is educative and this is especially in the experiences that the individual gains from the other members of the society. This paper makes a conclusion that the environment that surrounds a learning area has some influence in the learning process. This environment that interferes can be defined as the surrounding conditions that are related to the execution of the activity. Education can also guide, direct, or control an individual. The child knows no direction appertaining to the life customs of the society that the child has been born and will be brought up in. For the child to grow up in a way that is acceptable to the society some guidance is necessary and this guidance can only be acquired through education. Education is also important in areas such as growth, preparation of the future, conservation etc. Students in schools should also be given opportunities to play.

Ctva fi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ctva fi - Essay Example Essentially, the company has lived up to the trend of creating such message as to entice more followers and determine how further reception by new generation of drinkers would fare. In the similar manner, ‘The Vampire Diaries’ of the CW Network manages to be conveyed out of compelling twists and creativity patterned after Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight saga. As one of the TV series aiming to be bought into by the common market of Goth vampire dramas just like Coke among its contemporaries, the series developers and producers have opted to function around the concept of youth empowerment by designating strong characters to the cast that are made to portray ordinary students of a university who are bound to discover their unique individual powers and destined fates in the process after Stefan and Damon initiated certain changes. The program appears to catch chief attention through the irresistible charms among Elena and the two male vampire counterparts in a love triang le as intense as the scenes that mean to exhibit possibilities of fusion between classic tales and urban legends.

A Critical Aaccount of a Philosopher's Educational Idea (John Dewey) Term Paper

A Critical Aaccount of a Philosopher's Educational Idea (John Dewey) And Their Usefulness to And Implications for the Bahamas - Term Paper Example This essay stresses that the contributions of John Dewey to the present education will always be felt. To him, education is as important to social life as reproduction and nutrition are important to physiological life. He viewed education as a necessity in life where a child is born knowing nothing only that it is born in a social group. According to John Dewey, all communication is educative and any individual who actively participates in communication learns something. For a society to continue existing, a teaching and learning process must be existing. An individual learns the way to respond to an event through participation in communication that involves common understanding. It has also been found earlier that living together is educative and this is especially in the experiences that the individual gains from the other members of the society. This paper makes a conclusion that the environment that surrounds a learning area has some influence in the learning process. This environment that interferes can be defined as the surrounding conditions that are related to the execution of the activity. Education can also guide, direct, or control an individual. The child knows no direction appertaining to the life customs of the society that the child has been born and will be brought up in. For the child to grow up in a way that is acceptable to the society some guidance is necessary and this guidance can only be acquired through education. Education is also important in areas such as growth, preparation of the future, conservation etc. Students in schools should also be given opportunities to play.

Russia and the Soviet Union 1917-1924 Essay Example for Free

Russia and the Soviet Union 1917-1924 Essay 1. The March revolution of 1917: * The Tsar abdicates on the 20th March, in favour of his brother Michael because his son Alexis was too young. * However, the people had other ideas, they wanted a change in government. 2. The provisional Government: * The crowds gathered outside the Tauride Palace Demanding that the Duma took charge of the country. * A temporary government was formed to rule the country until an election could be held to decide who and how the country would be run. 3. Soviets * AS the provisional government was taking way, another group was starting up, the Petrograd Soviet. People sent representatives to sort out their interests. * The first thing that the soviet did was to issue order 1, which gave it control of the armed forces in Petrograd. How did the Bolsheviks seize power? March 1917 Provisional Government + Petrograd Soviet Control Russia 1. What do they do? The first thing what happened was: Political prisoners were freed; they made the press free to do what they liked. There would be freedom of speech, the right to strike and an end to social discrimination and the death penalty. 2. Issue 1:the war The provisional government continued the war with the agreement with the Soviets. Everybody had too much pride to be beaten by the Germans. Also they wanted to stay allies with Britain and France in the future. The war continued badly and the Russians were still losing food and fuel. The people needed the war to end. 3. Issue 2:land As soon as the Tsar was gone the peasants thought they could have had always wanted, Land. But the provisional government wouldnt give them it. This was because they though that they should leave it to the properly elected government. People began to take land anyway. 4. The return of Lenin When Lenin returned it was a whole new start to the revolution. Lenin had not been in Russia during the March Revolution. With a lot of help from the Germans he got a sealed train to Petrograd at the beginning of April. The 1st speech that Lenin made to the people was demanding that thee should be no co-operating with the provisional government, the war should be ended, the land should be given to the peasants and that the Soviets should take power. These points were later written up in the April Theses 5. The July Days Only the Bolsheviks opposed the war. During the 1917 summer more and more common people opposed to the war. In July the Kerensky launched an attack against the Russians, which they lost. Thus there was a huge demonstration in Petrograd, which became known as the July days. Everyone poured into the streets protested about the war. They all to the Bolsheviks to lead them but they turned them away. Kerensky produced letters incriminating Lenin. This forced Lenin to flee to Finland. * The war distinguished the Bolsheviks from other groups because thy opposed the war. 6. Autumn 1917 * Events started to work in the Bolsheviks Favour * Kerensky had appointed a general called Kornilov to be head of the army * There wanted to establish a strong sturdy Government in Russia his own government. * Many people of the Petrograd panicked; there was bound to be violence and bloodshed. * Kerensky also panicked and asked the Bolsheviks for help. * He gave rifles to the Bolshevik Red Guard; groups of workers who had been training secretly, and now appeared on the streets to help defend the city. * Kornilov troops never arrived. The railway workers and other soldiers persuaded them not to fight their fellow Russians. * How ever the Red Guard kept their rifles. How did the Bolsheviks Seize Power? Moral was low, there were riots and fights, Russia was a descrase. The Bolsheviks were now moving in on the Winter Palace, where the provisional Government was meeting. During the afternoons, most of the Cossacks had slipped out of the palace, leaving some military cadets and the Womens death Battalion. At 9.00p.m the Aurora (a ship whose sailors supported the Bolsheviks) fired a blank shot to start the attack. There was little machine-gun fire, and very little damage was done to the palace. The womens death battalion offered no resistance, came out and went back to camp. The red guards entered and made their way along the miles of corridors. When they did meet military cadets, they gave up, as did the Provisional Government when the Red Guards found them. The Bolsheviks had control of Petrograd. Key points of how the Bolsheviks took over * The general moral of the people was low, causing fights and riots. * Bolsheviks moved onto the Winter Palace, where the Provisional Government was meeting * At 9.00p.m, the Aurora, fired a blank shot and started the Attack * All offensive gave up to the Bolsheviks, and they had complete control of Petrograd. The Role of Lenin in the November 1917 Revolution Lenin made a difference Lenin didnt make a difference * Limitless capability to persuade people * He had the power to say what people wanted, and give it to them * He listened to people on the street, factories and Barracks, and knew what the people wanted * With out Lenin the Bolshevik coup would have been postponed and might of failed. * After all this the Bolshevik partys membership began to grow rapidly * Lenins role in some historians opinions, fell short of Trotskys Conclusion Did he make a difference? I would conclude that Lenin did make a difference because without him, people would not of got what he wanted; the Bolshevik coup would of failed. He did some think different, he listened to the people, he found out what they wanted and helped them, where as other leaders wouldnt, hey would of done it their way. How did Lenin Control Russia in 1917? Lenin had seized power in Petrograd, but for how long could he hold on to it? A few days after the takeover, Kerensky sent some troops to let the provisional Government take control again Populist Measures November * A maximum eight-hour day and 48 hour week declared for industrial workers. * Employment insurance introduced for workers for injuries, illness, and unemployment * All titles and class distinctions abolished no dukes or lords, the title comrade for everybody. * Women declared equal to men. December * All Factories to be put under the control of workers comities. * All banks taken over by the government * The army to be more democratic officers to be elected, no ranks or saluting * Divorce made easier and marriages do not have to be in churches. The Cheka In December 1917, Lenin set up the Cheka. The head of this secret police force was the cold and incorruptible Felix Dzerzhinski. He set up headquarters in the lubyanka in Moscow, a name that was to become feared because of the torture and executions that were carried out there. The Cheka arrested people who were considered dangerous. After an assassination attempt on Lenin, the Cheka launched the Red Terror. Anybody who spoke out against the government was arrested, and many were shot with out t trail. Sometimes it was enough to be someone who might oppose the Bolsheviks. The use of terror to control people was to become a feature of the new regime. Constituent Assembly * By November 1917, Lenin had been forced into holding elections promised by the provisional government. * Railway workers said that the would shut down the railways if Lenin did not go ahead with Russias first free elections. * These were to choose a constitunal Assembly, which would work out how Russia would be governed in the future. Peace * Lenin sent Trotsky to meet the Germans to negotiate a peace treaty. * Trotsky walked out of the talks because the Germans demanded so much territory. * He stated that there would be No Peace, No war * However, Lenin sent him back, he was sure that the Bolsheviks would stay in Power only if the war could be ended quickly. * The result was the harsh treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918 How did the communists win the civil war? There were three sides to the civil war, but two main ones. The reds and the whites. The Reds: The Bolsheviks or Communists (Red was the colour of Communism). The Whites: All the opponents of the Bolsheviks -tsarists and nobles, middle-class constitutional democrats, Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries. The whites got their name from the white uniforms worn by the Tsarist officers. This meant that the Whites were always associated with the Tsar and the old system of government. The Greens: Independent groups of nationalists, peasants or bandits who roamed Russia at this time. They fought anyone and raided villages and towns. The most famous was the Ukrainian nationalist, Nestor Makno, who shared his booty with local peasants. Geographical Factors Reds * They held the central area of western Russia, which contained most of the large industrial canters able o produce munitions and war supplies. * They had control of the railway lines, which connected Petrograd and Moscow to the rest of the country. This meant that they could send soldiers and munitions quickly to any place in the battle area. Whites * They were scattered around this central area, often with hundreds of miles separating the different armies. * Communications were difficult that is, if the generals wanted to communicate. Aims Reds * The red only really had on aim, which was to stay in power so that they could build up the new Socialist society. Whites * The many people that made up the whites had some different aims, some of them wanted to tsar back, some a military Dictator; others wanted revolutionary change. The only aim they had been in common was to defeat the Bolsheviks; they only agreed on little less. Leadership and unity Reds * Leader wise the reds had a great one, Trotsky. He built up the red army from nothing, he brought in conscription for men over eighteen years of age, he introduced nearly over 50,000 experienced former Tsarists officers and he appointed political Commissars fanatical Bolsheviks to each unit of men to make sure the officers and soldiers carried out their orders. * Trotsky was personally very courageous. He had a special train which transported him around his army of hand picked soldiers to the places where fighting was difficult. Whites * The whites didnt really have good leaders, often the commanders were cruel, treated their men with disrespect and set a bad example, by doing stuff like drinking and taking drugs * The white generals did not trust each other and would not re-ordinate their attacks. This then allowed the reds to pick of the white army one by one. * The whites had problems inside their armies too. There was often fighting and squabbling because groups had different aims and beliefs. It was particularly hard for revolutionaries to co-operate with the supporters of the Tsar. How Important was the role of Trotsky * Leon Trotsky played a very important role in the 1917 Russian Revolution, together with Lenin. * He played an important role in rising up the Red Army, which with out the revolution would have been crushed. * He was very strict and stated that every scoundrel who incited anyone to retreat, to desert, or not to fulfil a military order, will be shot Every soldier of the Red army who voluntarily deserts his post will be shot. Those guilty of harbouring deserters are liable to be shot. * He gave a good impression to his people, by arriving with a train, a famous train that had been speeding to and fro along the different fronts. The train contained excellent facilities. What Happened to Tsar and his Family * After his abdication in March 1917, the Tsar and his family were held under house arrest just outside st. Petersburg * There were moved to Tobolsk in Siberia, then sent to Ekaterinburg in the Urals, where they were held by the Reds in the house of a family called Ipatiev * Tsar presented a continuing problem for the reds. If he escaped he might help unite the White forces; if executed, he could become a martyr. * But it seemed, when the white forces closed in on Ekaterinburg in the summer of 1918, it seemed that the decision was to kill him. * How successful was Lenin in transforming Russia by 1924 There is certainly an element that Russia was transformed by 1924, certainly top an extent in terms of industry, agriculture, political and socio-economic factors. However, Due to Lenins death in 1924, with the resulting power struggle and emergence of Stalin as dictator, put together with Stalins claim that in 1934 that Russia is fifty to a hundred years behind the westernised countries, we have 10 years to close that gap. There is certainly an argument that the transformations within Russia by 1924 were minimal, especially as the Bolsheviks were trying to establish power in the years stemming form the revolution in 1917 Lenins death in 1924. Lenin knew that he had to do something to improve the economic situation in Russia. If he did not, the Communists would not survive. In 1921, he introduced a New Economic Policy (NEP). He had the idea that the NEP would give the Soviet Union a Breathing space to get back on their feet. Many communists were angry about what he saw as a return to capitalism. They did not like the idea that making a profit was the main power source for smaller industries. They disliked stuff like the fact that the bosses of factories or Kulaks (rich peasants) could hire men to work for them. They did not want to go back to the old days. The communists particularly disliked the new traders who were appearing all over the cities. These Nepmen, as they were called, made all of their profit by buying food and goods cheaply and selling them for more money than they are worth. They were middlemen, who the communists saw as those who made money out of the labour of others. Nepmen also set up restaurants and made lots of money from dealing gin property and gambling. Lenin persuaded the party to accept the NEP for the time being. The majority realised that these measures were needed to reduce industry and get more food produced. The next big step forward was the electrification of Russia. Lenin was keen to see Russia evolve with more innovation and saw electric power as the key to modernising the Soviet Union. He envisaged a great network of power stations, which would provide the power for modern large-scale industry. His aim was to put an electric light in every home to replace every oil lams and candles. Lenin Believed electric power would change things so much that he said, Soviet power plus electrification equals Communism. The first light bulb was fitted in 1928, which was 4 years after Lenins death in 1924. He obviously succeeded in bringing light bulbs and more electricity to Russia, but after his death. The NEP encouraged foreign countries, which had refused too trade with Soviet Russia before 1921, to resume trade links. Western countries hoped that the move back to private trade and profit capitalism meant the failure of Communist ideas. In 1921 an Anglo Soviet trade agreement marked the beginning of increased trade with the West, which gave a great boost to the Soviet economy. There were large-scale exchanges of Western industrial goods for Russian oil and similar products. The NEP Lasted until 19128 and Russia generally became more prosperous. Some of this can be pit down to the period of stability, which followed seven years of war and civil war from 1914 to 1921. But the NEP undoubtedly played a big role in improving the general economic situation. We know that between 1921 and 1928 the Agricultural and industrial production had risen considerable. But infact all that had happened was it had returned back to where it was in 1917; Lenin had not really made a big impact on the way Russia worked. After the civil war, Living conditions were still appalling, peasants hauled for their food, had no proper lighting, food was dreadful and had no washing facilities. Lenin failed to stop Stalin becoming a leader, as well as spread communism out of Russia. Yes, Agricultural and Industrial production had risen from 1921-1928, but there were only back where they had started. Lenin had not made any difference except get them back to where they started. Levels rose, yes, but only in relation with 1917, not prior to war levels, also, Stalins 5 year plans showed us that much actually did need to be done, in terms of industry and agriculture progressed but only took Russia back to pre-war levels.

Stroke Case Study | Pathophysiology and Care Delivery Plan

Stroke Case Study | Pathophysiology and Care Delivery Plan This paper will discuss the case study relating to the patient, Mrs Amelia Middleton, and answer a series of questions relating to the pathophysiology of stroke, nursing care of the patient, and response to pharmacological issues with her treatment Question 1 Farrell Dempsey (2014b) define the pathophysiological characteristics of an ischaemic stroke as being the disruption to cerebral blood supply due to an obstruction in a blood vessel (p. 1649). This disruption can be described as an ischaemic cascade, which commences with a fall in cerebral blood flow to less than 25mL/100g/min (p. 1649). When this occurs, neurons are unable to maintain aerobic respiration, causing a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. To combat this, mitochondria switch to anaerobic respiration, which produces large amounts of lactic acid, causes changes in cellular pH levels, anaerobic respiration is less efficient, and neurons are not capable of producing sufficient ATP to fuel the depolarisation processes (Farrell Dempsey, 2014b, p. 1649; Craft, Gordon, Tiziani, 2011). With the loss of ATP production, the active transport across the cell membrane ceases, leading to the destruction of the cell membrane, releasing more calcium and glutamate, vaso constriction and generation of free radicals. As the cascade continues, intracellular pressures increase, causing oedema (Craft, et al., 2011, p. 192). This oedema reaches it maximum after about 72 hour, and slowly subsides over the following two weeks. There are four types of haemorrhagic stroke, namely intracerebral, intracranial cerebral aneurysm, arteriovenous malformations, and subarachnoid haemorrhage, all with varying pathophysiology (Farrell Dempsey, 2014b, p. 1661). The most common type is the intracerebral haemorrhage, which is mostly found in patients with hypertension and cerebral atheroschlerosis. Certain types of arterial pathology, brain tumour, and the use of medications may also cause intracerebral haemorrhage (Farrell Dempsey, 2014b). Bleeding related to the condition is most commonly arterial and normally occurs in the putamen and adjacent internal capsule, cerebral lobes, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum and brain stem (Farrell Dempsey, 2014b). Intracranial aneurism is dilation of the walls of a cerebral artery developing because of weakness in the arterial wall (Farrell Dempsey, 2014b). Presumed causes of aneurysms are weakness in arterial walls, congenital abnormalities, hypertensive vascular disease, head trauma, infection, or advancing age. Aneurysms can occur in any area of the brain but commonly occur at the circle of Willis arteries. Arteries affected by aneurysms are the internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, anterior communicating artery, posterior communicating artery, posterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery (Farrell Dempsey, 2014b). Arteriovenous malformations are caused by abnormalities in embryonic development or are the result of trauma. It is the formation of a mass of arteries and veins without a capillary bed, whose absence, leads to dilation of arteries and veins with eventual rupture. This type of haemorrhage is common in younger people (Farrell Dempsey, 2014b). Subarachnoid haemorrhage may occur because of arteriovenous malformation, intracranial aneurysm, trauma or hypertension. Most common causes are leaking aneurysms in the area of the circle of Willis or a congenital arteriovenous malformation of the brain (Farrell Dempsey, 2014b). Both ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke have modifiable and non-modifiable precipitating factors. Modifiable factors are those that can be changed and include: (Al-Asadi Habib, 2014; Jarvis, 2012) Non-modifiable factors are those that cannot be changed or altered, and in concert with modifiable risk factors, can indicate populations at higher risk. The factors are: (Al-Asadi Habib, 2014; Jarvis, 2012) Question 2 The nursing care required for the patient within the first 24 hours would initially include a neurological assessment, especially if thrombolytic therapy has been administered (Hinkle McKenna Guanci, 2007). Nurses need to use the Glasgow coma scale (GCS), check vital signs pupil reaction and limb assessment. If the GCS falls during or after treatment, patients need to have an urgent CT scan to exclude haemorrhagic stroke. These observations need to be recorded every 15 minutes for the first 2 hours after thrombolytic therapy, then every hour for the next 24 to 48 hours (Hinkle McKenna Guanci, 2007). Oxygen therapy will only need to be administered if the patient becomes hypoxic, which occurs if the oxygen saturation (SaO2) levels fall below 95% saturation. Blood sugar levels need to be monitored, as it is common for post stroke patients to become hyperglycaemic. Patients also need to be in an electric bed with the cot sides up and the head at a 30-degree angle, which reduces the ri sks of choking and falls (Catangui Slark, 2012). Suction should be available at the bedside in case of angioedma. Electrocardiograms need to be performed regularly to detect any abnormal changes in heart rhythm. The patient is already in atrial fibrillation but this may alter if thrombolytic therapy is administered, as such, this requires assessment on an hourly basis. The nurse should also take the time to provide information to family members regarding the patient’s treatment (Felicilda-Reynaldo, 2013). The patient and family need to be informed why thrombolytic therapy is needed, what the desired outcomes are and if there are any adverse effects. When this treatment is needed, it is often in an emergency and can be frightening for family members to see their loved one in pain or distress (Felicilda-Reynaldo, 2013). Question 3 Thrombolysis is the division of a blood clot or thrombus by the infusion of a fibrinolytic agent (drugs that are capable of breaking down fibrin, the main constituent of blood clots) into the blood (Tiziani, 2013). Thrombolytic agents act by activating plasminogen to form a proteolytic enzyme, plasmin, which attaches to fibrin, and consequently, breaks down the clot (Tiziani, 2013; Catangui Slark, 2012); this process is called clot resolution. Thrombolytic agents vary in there action, for example, Alteplase and Reteplase, are recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA) drugs that have fibrin specific actions, adhering to fibrin bound plasminogen, Tenecteplase, a genetically engineered tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) shares similar traits (Tiziani, 2013; Catangui Slark, 2012). In contrast, Streptokinase is a non-specific plasminogen activator, which attaches itself to both fibrin bound plasminogen and unbound plasminogen (Tiziani, 2013). The use of thrombolytic agents on stroke patients is time-critical. Catangui Slark (2012), supported by Hinkle McKenna Guanci (2007) and Farrell Dempsey (2014b), describe a set of contraindications for the use of thrombolysis in stroke patients, these include age, blood pressure greater that 185mmHg/110mmHg, GCS score less than 8, time from onset of symptoms less than 4Â ½ hours, or previous stroke or myocardial infarction. This is not an exhaustive list, but is relevant to the case study patient. From these indicators it can be shown that the patient falls into a category that contraindicates the use of thrombolysis in the treatment of her condition, i.e. her blood pressure is 200mm/Hg/110mm/Hg, and that it has been at least 6 hours since onset of conditions. Question 4 Aspirin is both a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) and anti-platelet drug (Tiziani, 2013, p. 4 511). In its NSAID function, the drug acts to inhibit prostaglandin production, which is a mediator of inflammatory response and thermoregulation (McKenna Lim, 2012). The anti-platelet properties of the drug inhibit the production of thromboxane A2, which is a vasoconstrictor that normally increases platelet aggregation (McKenna Lim, 2012). Contraindications for this drug are for people with allergies to Salicylates, haemorrhage, and gastrointestinal bleeding (Tiziani, 2013; McKenna Lim, 2012). Administration is by oral pathway. In the context of this case study, because the patient is not eligible for thrombolysis, aspirin would be beneficial in lowering the risk of further stroke by reducing the chance of further thrombosis forming through its anti-platelet properties. The risks in this context are exacerbation of her hypertension and possible bleeding; however, in this circums tance the prescription of aspirin is appropriate. Carvedilol is a lipophilic vasodilating non-cardioselective ÃŽ ²-blocker (Leonetti Egan, 2012). This drug is used to treat hypertension by blocking norepinephrine binding to ÃŽ ±1-adrenergic receptors in addition to both ÃŽ ²1-adrenergic and ÃŽ ²2-adrenergic receptors (Leonetti Egan, 2012). Contraindications for this drug include bradycardia, heart block, diabetes, and bronchospasms (McKenna Lim, 2012). Administration is by oral pathway. In the context of the case study, the administration of carvedilol is desirable because of her hypertension. It is further suggested that carvedilol contributes to a reduction in cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation (Watson Lip, 2006). The risk associated with this drug include hepatic failure, oedema, and deterioration if the patient is in heart failure (McKenna Lim, 2012; Tiziani, 2013) Atorvostatin is a hydroxymethylglutaryl co-enzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor used to treat hypercholesterolaemia or hyperlipidaemia (McKenna Lim, 2012). The drug acts to inhibit production of cholesterol by blocking HMG-CoA reductase from completing the synthesis of cholesterol (Tiziani, 2013). Administration is by oral pathway. In the context of this case study, Atorvostatin is not indicated for administration without further investigation into potential underlying causes, such as, heart disease or hypercholesterolaemia. Question 5 In the context of this case study, atrial fibrillation could indicate heart disease, but further investigation would be necessary to determine this. Factors such as age, hypertension, ischaemic stroke, family history of myocardial infarction, and erratic pulse are evident and are all indicators towards heart disease (Bordignon, Corti Bilato, 2012). McKenna Lim (2012, p. 676) also associate coronary artery disease, myocardial inflammation, valvular disease, cardiomegaly, and rheumatic heart disease with atrial fibrillation. Pharmacologically, the drugs considered for intervention include heparin, warfarin, and carvedilol (Watson Lip, 2006). Both Heparin and Warfarin are anticoagulant drugs. Heparin is a fast acting, intra-venous or subcutaneously administered anticoagulant used in the acute setting, with changeover to orally administered warfarin, whose anticoagulant effect is evident after 36-72 hour, for longer-term use (Tiziani, 2013; McKenna Lim, 2012). In context of the case study, aspirin use would be discontinued if heparin and warfarin were administered, as these drugs are recorded as having an adverse reaction (Tiziani, 2013; McKenna Lim, 2012). These drug types have contraindications for active and potential bleeding, so issues such as haemorrhoid bleeding may exclude these drugs from administration (Tiziani, 2013). As previously stated, Carvedilol is a nonselective ÃŽ ²-blocker (Leonetti Egan, 2012). This drug is administered orally and are safe in combination with heparin or warfarin (Tiziani, 2013). Contraindications for this drug include bradycardia, heart block, diabetes, and bronchospasms (McKenna Lim, 2012). This drug had both antihypertensive properties and has been shown to reduce cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation (Watson Lip, 2006). The risk associated with this drug include hepatic failure, oedema, and deterioration if the patient is in heart failure (McKenna Lim, 2012; Tiziani, 2013). Conclusion This paper has discuss and identified the pathophysiology of stroke, discussed the nursing care of the stroke patient, and identified and discussed pharmacological interventions available to treat the patient. Page 1 of 6 20/09/2016 2:53:40 PM